Early English Printed Sermons


Hinde, Samuel, fl. 1634

Number of relevant publications in EEBO-TCP: 1
Navigate to the catalog to search for the relevant publications associated with this this referencing entity.



Textual Features and Statistics

Nota Bene: QP stands for "quotation/paraphrase." A "unit" stands for a segment produced by EEPS' segmentation unit or an individual marginal note. Adjacent references are those that are located in the same or adjacent segment or note. Chapter-level citations are relevant if the chapter matches that of the query. For book-level queries, all references to the same Bible book are relevant. A "Latin Bible QP" is a quotation or paraphrase of any verse from a Bible that follows the Latin Vulgate tradition: the Vulgate, Douay-Rheims Version, the ODRV, and Wycliffe's version.
Feature Description In-Text Marginal
cited Percentage of units with QP and an adjacent citation 13.8% -inf%
cited_exact Percentage of units with QP and an adjacent matching citation 6.8% -inf%
originality Percentage of units that do not exhibit scriptural text reuse 81.1% 100.0%
Foreign Percentage of units with foreign text 0.6% -inf%
NonLatinAlphabet Percentage of units with a NonLatinAlphabet placeholder 0.4% -inf%
Italicization Percentage of units with italicized spans of text 11.0% -inf%
sim_score Average cosine similarity score of top Bible verse predictions per unit 0.8% -inf%
cross_score Average cross encoder score of top Bible verse predictions per unit 0.7% -inf%
near_quotations Percentage of units that have high lexical similarity with their Bible verse predictions (any type of score greater than the mean + standard deviation of that score type) 5.8% -inf%
foreign_cited Percentage of units with QP, foreign text, and an adjacent citation 0.6% -inf%
foreign_cited_exact Percentage of units with QP, foreign text, and an adjacent matching citation 0.2% -inf%
foreign_italicized Percentage of units with QP and foreign italicized text 0.6% -inf%
foreign_italicized_cited Percentage of units with QP, italicized foreign text, and an adjacent citation 0.6% -inf%
foreign_italicized_cited_exact Percentage of units with QP, italicized foreign text, and an adjacent matching citation 0.2% -inf%
foreign_latin Percentage of units with Latin Bible QP and foreign text 0.4% -inf%
foreign_latin_cited Percentage of units with Latin Bible QP, foreign text, and an adjacent citation 0.4% -inf%
foreign_latin_cited_exact Percentage of units with Latin Bible QP, foreign text, and an adjacent matching citation 0.2% -inf%
foreign_latin_italicized Percentage of units with Latin Bible QP and italicized foreign text 0.4% -inf%
foreign_latin_italicized_cited Percentage of units with Latin Bible QP, an adjacent citation, and italicized foreign text 0.4% -inf%
foreign_latin_italicized_cited_exact Percentage of units with Latin Bible QP, an adjacent matching citation, and italicized foreign text 0.2% -inf%



Quotations and Paraphrases

Rather than examine the frequency or proportion of references, it is far more useful to determine which references are most prominent for a citing entity. The visualizations below show the most prominent scriptural references within all publications per year. Prominence, displayed as the value below each label, is measured using the metric of Outgoing Relative Citational Prominence (ORCP) proposed by Wahle et al. (2023). In this case, a positive prominence value for a reference R in a given year means that R constitutes a greater percentage of all the references cited by publications in that year than the average citation percentage of R per year. A negative value indicates that a given reference constitutes a proportion lesser than average. A value of negative infinity means that the query reference does not occur in the citation or QP of a citing entity. A value of "%" (without any numeral value) means that there are no citations or QP corresponding to the query reference.

For quotational prominence, only the predictions with the highest cosine similarity scores for each subsegmented or whole unit of a segment or note are included for consideration. The average quotational prominence for a citing entity is the mean of the prominence percentage points for all references R_ALL that are relevant to the query reference such that each reference R in R_ALL has the highest cosine similarity score with a part or the whole of its covering body segment or marginal note. The percentages of top predictions from each Bible version are displayed in a table below.

For citational prominence, only pluasible scriptural citations and ones where the original phrase does not begin with a lowercase word are included for consideration. A scriptural citation is plausible if its numbering exists in any of the Bibles considered by this project. There are over 76 thousand such excluded candidates out of 1.2 million parsed citational units in total. Each of the four side-by-side tables below also have associated diversity and evenness scores; Simpson's Diversity Index ranges from 0 to 1 such that a higher score indicates a greater species diversity. Likewise, the Shannon Index indicates more evenness in the distribution of individuals in a group when its value approaches 1.


Diversity: 0.876
Evenness: 0.958
Part Prominence
Old Testament (AKJV) 12.235
Old Testament (Geneva) 6.182
Apocrypha (Douay-Rheims) 3.539
New Testament (Vulgate) 2.265
Old Testament (ODRV) 1.185
Old Testament (Douay-Rheims) -0.452
New Testament (Tyndale) -1.838
New Testament (ODRV) -2.781
New Testament (Geneva) -2.841
New Testament (AKJV) -3.892
Diversity: 0.978
Evenness: 0.991
Book Prominence
Psalms (AKJV) 3.497
Psalms (Geneva) 2.263
Romans (AKJV) 2.156
2 Timothy (Vulgate) 1.858
Judith (Douay-Rheims) 1.812
Jonah (AKJV) 1.757
Lamentations (ODRV) 1.753
Jonah (Geneva) 1.752
2 Kings (Geneva) 1.7
2 Kings (AKJV) 1.66
Judges (AKJV) 1.638
John (Vulgate) 1.619
Canticles (AKJV) 1.617
1 Kings (AKJV) 1.595
Matthew (Vulgate) 1.566
Exodus (ODRV) 1.538
Philippians (Tyndale) 1.439
Exodus (Geneva) 1.421
2 Corinthians (Tyndale) 1.402
Acts (Geneva) 1.377
1 Timothy (Geneva) 1.36
2 Timothy (AKJV) 1.355
Revelation (AKJV) 1.337
Exodus (AKJV) 1.323
1 Peter (Geneva) 1.3
Genesis (Geneva) 1.299
Job (Douay-Rheims) 1.249
Hebrews (ODRV) 1.198
Ecclesiasticus (Douay-Rheims) 1.192
Ecclesiastes (AKJV) 1.181
Proverbs (Douay-Rheims) 1.161
Hebrews (Geneva) 1.129
Luke (Tyndale) 1.119
Acts (AKJV) 1.112
Ephesians (Geneva) 1.103
Isaiah (Douay-Rheims) 1.08
John (Tyndale) 1.051
2 Corinthians (AKJV) 1.047
Luke (Geneva) 1.037
1 Corinthians (Tyndale) 1.031
Genesis (AKJV) 1.03
Hebrews (AKJV) 0.968
John (ODRV) 0.886
Matthew (Geneva) 0.846
Luke (AKJV) 0.806
Psalms (ODRV) 0.787
Matthew (ODRV) 0.604
Romans (Geneva) 0.497
Matthew (AKJV) 0.478
Diversity: 0.987
Evenness: 0.991
Chapter Prominence
Psalms 107 (Geneva) 3.25
Psalms 107 (AKJV) 3.148
Psalms 106 (Geneva) 2.145
Psalms 19 (AKJV) 2.12
Romans 12 (AKJV) 2.022
Judith 15 (Douay-Rheims) 1.097
2 Kings 7 (Geneva) 1.095
2 Kings 7 (AKJV) 1.095
Psalms 98 (Geneva) 1.095
Judges 11 (AKJV) 1.095
2 Timothy 2 (Vulgate) 1.093
Genesis 33 (AKJV) 1.093
Ecclesiasticus 47 (Douay-Rheims) 1.092
Exodus 17 (AKJV) 1.092
Psalms 136 (ODRV) 1.09
Acts 27 (Geneva) 1.089
1 Kings 11 (AKJV) 1.088
Psalms 28 (Geneva) 1.088
Acts 11 (AKJV) 1.088
Revelation 9 (AKJV) 1.087
Isaiah 42 (Douay-Rheims) 1.087
Psalms 103 (ODRV) 1.086
Exodus 14 (ODRV) 1.086
Judges 8 (AKJV) 1.085
Ecclesiasticus 29 (Douay-Rheims) 1.085
Exodus 17 (Geneva) 1.084
Job 19 (Douay-Rheims) 1.084
Psalms 31 (Geneva) 1.082
Psalms 76 (ODRV) 1.081
Psalms 67 (AKJV) 1.081
Proverbs 19 (Douay-Rheims) 1.077
Matthew 8 (Geneva) 1.076
Psalms 130 (AKJV) 1.076
Matthew 5 (Vulgate) 1.076
Ecclesiastes 6 (AKJV) 1.074
Genesis 9 (Geneva) 1.074
Psalms 135 (Geneva) 1.074
Jonah 1 (AKJV) 1.073
Jonah 1 (Geneva) 1.072
Canticles 5 (AKJV) 1.069
Psalms 120 (AKJV) 1.067
Genesis 19 (AKJV) 1.067
John 6 (Vulgate) 1.066
Judges 5 (AKJV) 1.066
Psalms 33 (Geneva) 1.065
Psalms 30 (AKJV) 1.063
Hebrews 5 (ODRV) 1.063
Exodus 15 (Geneva) 1.062
Isaiah 14 (Douay-Rheims) 1.062
Psalms 113 (AKJV) 1.061
Luke 1 (Geneva) 1.059
Exodus 20 (ODRV) 1.056
Lamentations 3 (ODRV) 1.055
John 20 (Tyndale) 1.055
Luke 18 (Tyndale) 1.054
Psalms 104 (Geneva) 1.05
Luke 19 (AKJV) 1.048
2 Corinthians 10 (AKJV) 1.048
John 4 (ODRV) 1.047
Philippians 4 (Tyndale) 1.044
Psalms 124 (AKJV) 1.034
Psalms 50 (AKJV) 1.034
Revelation 20 (AKJV) 1.033
1 Timothy 1 (Geneva) 1.028
Luke 22 (Geneva) 1.027
1 Corinthians 3 (Tyndale) 1.026
Luke 22 (AKJV) 1.023
Ephesians 6 (Geneva) 1.021
Psalms 145 (AKJV) 1.018
Philippians 1 (Tyndale) 1.017
Psalms 103 (AKJV) 1.014
1 Peter 5 (Geneva) 1.013
2 Corinthians 5 (Tyndale) 1.001
Psalms 51 (AKJV) 0.998
Hebrews 13 (Geneva) 0.996
Hebrews 10 (Geneva) 0.994
Psalms 106 (AKJV) 0.985
Psalms 82 (AKJV) 0.971
2 Timothy 2 (AKJV) 0.956
Matthew 5 (Geneva) 0.956
Hebrews 10 (AKJV) 0.941
Matthew 5 (AKJV) 0.929
Romans 8 (Geneva) 0.908
Matthew 5 (ODRV) 0.875
Diversity: 0.985
Evenness: 0.975
Verse Prominence
Psalms 107.31 (AKJV) 6.51
Psalms 107.30 (Geneva) 2.802
Psalms 107.30 (AKJV) 2.795
Psalms 107.23 (AKJV) 2.781
Psalms 106.1 (Geneva) 1.867
Psalms 107.2 (AKJV) 1.866
Psalms 107.24 (AKJV) 1.848
Romans 12.1 (AKJV) 1.842
Psalms 19.1 (AKJV) 1.839
Psalms 103.1 (ODRV) 0.934
2 Kings 7.9 (AKJV) 0.934
Revelation 9.12 (AKJV) 0.934
1 Kings 11.5 (AKJV) 0.934
Psalms 145.12 (AKJV) 0.934
Acts 11.10 (AKJV) 0.934
Judges 5.12 (AKJV) 0.934
Genesis 33.20 (AKJV) 0.934
Ecclesiasticus 47.19 (Douay-Rheims) 0.934
Exodus 17.15 (AKJV) 0.934
Judges 11.9 (AKJV) 0.934
Luke 1.68 (Geneva) 0.934
Psalms 135.19 (Geneva) 0.934
Judith 15.12 (Douay-Rheims) 0.934
2 Kings 7.9 (Geneva) 0.933
Psalms 51.15 (AKJV) 0.933
Acts 27.14 (Geneva) 0.933
Judges 8.2 (AKJV) 0.933
John 4.7 (ODRV) 0.933
Psalms 98.7 (Geneva) 0.933
2 Timothy 2.5 (Vulgate) 0.933
Isaiah 42.8 (Douay-Rheims) 0.933
Psalms 113.3 (AKJV) 0.933
Exodus 17.14 (Geneva) 0.932
Psalms 31.5 (Geneva) 0.932
Exodus 20.2 (ODRV) 0.932
Psalms 106.2 (AKJV) 0.932
Jonah 1.6 (AKJV) 0.931
Matthew 8.25 (Geneva) 0.931
Genesis 19.22 (AKJV) 0.931
John 6.31 (Vulgate) 0.931
Exodus 14.30 (ODRV) 0.931
Job 19.24 (Douay-Rheims) 0.931
Psalms 136.1 (ODRV) 0.931
Psalms 103.4 (AKJV) 0.931
Psalms 28.5 (Geneva) 0.93
Ecclesiasticus 29.17 (Douay-Rheims) 0.93
John 20.28 (Tyndale) 0.93
Psalms 33.5 (Geneva) 0.93
Exodus 15.11 (Geneva) 0.93
Psalms 82.5 (AKJV) 0.929
Ecclesiastes 6.1 (AKJV) 0.929
Psalms 130.1 (AKJV) 0.929
Psalms 104.24 (Geneva) 0.929
Psalms 67.6 (AKJV) 0.929
Canticles 5.2 (AKJV) 0.928
Lamentations 3.41 (ODRV) 0.928
2 Timothy 2.5 (AKJV) 0.928
Matthew 5.16 (Vulgate) 0.928
Philippians 4.8 (Tyndale) 0.928
Psalms 104.25 (Geneva) 0.928
Ephesians 6.17 (Geneva) 0.928
2 Corinthians 10.4 (AKJV) 0.928
Jonah 1.6 (Geneva) 0.927
Genesis 9.27 (Geneva) 0.927
Proverbs 19.17 (Douay-Rheims) 0.927
Luke 18.30 (Tyndale) 0.927
Revelation 20.13 (AKJV) 0.926
Psalms 107.29 (AKJV) 0.924
Psalms 76.10 (ODRV) 0.924
Matthew 5.16 (AKJV) 0.924
Matthew 5.16 (Geneva) 0.924
Luke 22.42 (AKJV) 0.924
Romans 8.28 (Geneva) 0.923
1 Peter 5.8 (Geneva) 0.923
Hebrews 5.3 (ODRV) 0.921
Psalms 124.6 (AKJV) 0.92
Psalms 30.5 (AKJV) 0.92
Psalms 50.23 (AKJV) 0.92
Psalms 120.5 (AKJV) 0.919
1 Corinthians 3.17 (Tyndale) 0.917
Isaiah 14.15 (Douay-Rheims) 0.917
Luke 22.42 (Geneva) 0.916
Luke 19.42 (AKJV) 0.916
Hebrews 13.16 (Geneva) 0.915
1 Timothy 1.19 (Geneva) 0.913
2 Corinthians 5.10 (Tyndale) 0.91
Hebrews 10.31 (AKJV) 0.902
Hebrews 10.31 (Geneva) 0.902
Philippians 1.23 (Tyndale) 0.898
Matthew 5.17 (ODRV) 0.875
Segment No., Location Verse & Version Verse Text Text Is a Partial Textual Segment/Note Adjacent References Cosine Similarity Score Cross Encoder Score Okapi BM25 Score



Citations
i
The index of citation indicates its position within the text of the segment or a particular note of the segment. For example, if 'Note 0' (i.e., the first note) of this segment has three citations, the citation with index 0 is its first citation, inclusive of all its parsed components.

Diversity: 0.5
Evenness: 1.0
Part Prominence
Old Testament 3.891
New Testament 3.534
Diversity: 0.972
Evenness: 0.997
Book Prominence
John 2.3
Jonah 2.144
Ezra 2.133
Lamentations 1.849
Canticles 1.845
Micah 1.741
Joshua 1.664
Judges 1.474
2 Kings 1.255
Mark 1.232
Daniel 1.194
2 Timothy 1.12
Numbers 1.113
1 Kings 1.097
2 Samuel 0.928
1 Samuel 0.846
Philippians 0.807
Ecclesiastes 0.805
1 Timothy 0.75
Revelation 0.665
Deuteronomy 0.595
1 Peter 0.564
Jeremiah 0.525
Exodus 0.52
Ephesians 0.483
2 Corinthians 0.419
Job 0.385
Genesis 0.057
Hebrews -0.005
Proverbs -0.06
Luke -0.242
Acts -0.271
1 Corinthians -0.537
Isaiah -0.549
Romans -1.038
Matthew -1.098
Psalms -1.574
Diversity: 0.991
Evenness: 0.999
Chapter Prominence
Exodus 17 1.586
John 8 1.438
Joshua 19 0.819
Canticles 7 0.809
1 Kings 5 0.809
Genesis 38 0.809
Exodus 36 0.808
Ezra 8 0.807
Judges 11 0.807
Ecclesiastes 6 0.806
1 Samuel 5 0.806
Deuteronomy 2 0.805
Psalms 99 0.805
Psalms 123 0.803
Psalms 108 0.799
Isaiah 19 0.796
Jonah 2 0.794
Genesis 34 0.793
Psalms 28 0.79
Genesis 30 0.79
Exodus 25 0.79
2 Kings 7 0.789
Genesis 33 0.789
Mark 5 0.788
Psalms 57 0.786
Psalms 86 0.786
Psalms 136 0.786
Exodus 5 0.785
Jonah 1 0.783
Judges 8 0.783
Isaiah 25 0.783
Revelation 9 0.781
Psalms 48 0.781
Canticles 4 0.773
Psalms 120 0.773
Genesis 7 0.771
Jonah 3 0.77
Genesis 42 0.77
2 Kings 5 0.768
Psalms 41 0.768
Genesis 8 0.767
Acts 27 0.767
Mark 1 0.766
Exodus 2 0.765
Genesis 25 0.764
Canticles 5 0.763
2 Kings 23 0.759
2 Samuel 23 0.759
Psalms 24 0.758
Psalms 3 0.755
Genesis 31 0.755
1 Samuel 17 0.751
Job 38 0.751
Psalms 137 0.748
Revelation 7 0.744
Psalms 30 0.743
1 Kings 22 0.741
Genesis 28 0.74
Genesis 9 0.73
Proverbs 19 0.726
Jeremiah 17 0.725
Revelation 20 0.724
Daniel 6 0.722
Ecclesiastes 5 0.721
Exodus 15 0.72
Judges 5 0.718
Micah 6 0.716
Psalms 122 0.716
Psalms 104 0.713
2 Corinthians 10 0.711
Luke 17 0.709
John 2 0.708
Psalms 116 0.708
Psalms 118 0.707
Proverbs 30 0.705
Exodus 14 0.703
Genesis 19 0.695
Psalms 106 0.695
Lamentations 3 0.692
Psalms 107 0.691
Luke 15 0.691
Exodus 20 0.682
John 20 0.677
Luke 18 0.674
Numbers 16 0.672
Matthew 27 0.669
1 Corinthians 9 0.666
Matthew 8 0.641
Ecclesiastes 10 0.639
1 Peter 5 0.637
Luke 19 0.627
Philippians 4 0.626
1 Timothy 1 0.626
Acts 7 0.625
Romans 11 0.618
Psalms 51 0.616
Psalms 50 0.608
Matthew 24 0.608
2 Timothy 4 0.608
Luke 1 0.601
Luke 2 0.6
Deuteronomy 32 0.591
Matthew 22 0.588
Ephesians 6 0.587
2 Timothy 2 0.583
Luke 22 0.582
1 Corinthians 3 0.574
Matthew 23 0.559
Hebrews 10 0.552
Acts 17 0.55
Matthew 10 0.532
Matthew 6 0.508
Romans 12 0.507
Matthew 26 0.491
2 Corinthians 5 0.488
Matthew 7 0.438
Ephesians 4 0.386
Matthew 5 0.339
Romans 8 0.249
Diversity: 0.993
Evenness: 0.999
Verse Prominence
Exodus 17.14 1.337
Mark 5.19 0.671
Psalms 104.8 0.671
Mark 1.34 0.671
Ezra 8.16 0.671
Genesis 8.8 0.671
Deuteronomy 2.5 0.671
Luke 22.55 0.671
2 Kings 5.8 0.671
Exodus 2.5 0.671
Joshua 19.15 0.671
1 Kings 5.10 0.671
Genesis 30.36 0.671
Psalms 104.6 0.671
Acts 7.50 0.671
Psalms 28.6 0.67
Luke 2.5 0.67
Exodus 36.1 0.67
Psalms 118.17 0.67
Acts 27.14 0.67
Revelation 9.12 0.67
Exodus 5.9 0.67
Genesis 34.1 0.67
Genesis 34.2 0.67
2 Kings 23.13 0.67
Luke 22.57 0.67
Judges 8.2 0.67
Exodus 2.6 0.67
Psalms 86.1 0.67
Psalms 136.1 0.67
Judges 5.12 0.67
Genesis 31.47 0.67
Genesis 33.20 0.67
Matthew 26.7 0.67
Genesis 42.20 0.67
Canticles 7.4 0.67
Genesis 38.15 0.67
Judges 5.26 0.67
Judges 11.9 0.67
Canticles 4.4 0.669
Mark 1.17 0.669
John 2.9 0.669
Ecclesiastes 6.1 0.669
Genesis 7.17 0.669
Genesis 7.21 0.669
Jonah 1.17 0.669
Jonah 2.10 0.669
Exodus 20.11 0.669
Exodus 25.9 0.669
Luke 18.23 0.669
Romans 11.1 0.669
Psalms 41.5 0.669
Psalms 106.2 0.669
Isaiah 25.1 0.669
Psalms 107.30 0.668
1 Samuel 17.40 0.668
Isaiah 19.2 0.668
2 Samuel 23.15 0.668
Daniel 6.23 0.668
Daniel 6.24 0.668
Matthew 8.27 0.668
Psalms 99.6 0.668
1 Kings 22.27 0.668
Psalms 107.25 0.668
Genesis 30.37 0.668
1 Samuel 5.4 0.668
Exodus 20.1 0.668
Psalms 107.31 0.667
Psalms 28.5 0.667
2 Kings 7.9 0.667
Exodus 2.3 0.667
Psalms 48.1 0.667
Jonah 1.3 0.667
Acts 7.49 0.667
Psalms 108.1 0.666
Romans 11.4 0.666
Genesis 19.20 0.666
Luke 1.68 0.666
2 Kings 5.13 0.666
Exodus 20.2 0.666
Matthew 24.36 0.665
Luke 17.17 0.665
Jonah 1.5 0.665
Matthew 10.36 0.665
Deuteronomy 32.30 0.665
2 Kings 5.18 0.665
John 20.28 0.665
Jonah 1.6 0.664
Matthew 7.5 0.664
Exodus 15.11 0.663
Genesis 25.22 0.663
Psalms 24.7 0.663
Psalms 3.7 0.663
Matthew 6.10 0.663
Jeremiah 17.1 0.663
2 Timothy 2.5 0.662
Proverbs 30.9 0.662
Jonah 3.4 0.662
Genesis 28.12 0.662
Revelation 7.14 0.662
Job 38.11 0.662
Psalms 122.7 0.662
Psalms 57.4 0.661
Canticles 5.2 0.661
Genesis 19.26 0.661
Ecclesiastes 10.7 0.66
Genesis 9.27 0.66
Luke 18.10 0.66
Psalms 116.16 0.659
Ecclesiastes 5.1 0.659
Matthew 8.26 0.658
Revelation 20.13 0.657
Micah 6.3 0.657
Psalms 137.1 0.657
1 Corinthians 3.16 0.656
Psalms 120.5 0.656
Matthew 5.29 0.656
Luke 19.27 0.656
Psalms 107.24 0.655
1 Timothy 1.9 0.655
1 Corinthians 9.24 0.655
Exodus 15.1 0.655
Numbers 16.32 0.655
Matthew 27.46 0.654
Hebrews 10.31 0.654
2 Timothy 4.10 0.653
Ephesians 6.13 0.652
Philippians 4.11 0.651
Lamentations 3.22 0.651
Ephesians 4.30 0.651
Psalms 107.23 0.649
Psalms 30.5 0.648
Psalms 50.23 0.647
2 Corinthians 10.5 0.647
Proverbs 19.17 0.645
Luke 19.42 0.645
Psalms 51.17 0.643
2 Corinthians 10.4 0.639
Philippians 4.8 0.638
2 Corinthians 5.10 0.629
1 Peter 5.8 0.628
Romans 8.28 0.627
Acts 17.23 0.625
Matthew 5.16 0.624
Matthew 23.15 0.623
Romans 12.1 0.606
Luke 15.10 0.606
Matthew 22.21 0.588
Segment No., Location Possible Citation Adjacent References Phrase